HKIA Exam Paper 4 Quiz 29

Robustness is a structure should be designed and constructed so that it is inherently robust and not unreasonably susceptible to the effects of accidents or misuse, and disproportionate collapse. (Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2013 – Basis of Design 2.1.4)

Method A is used to reduce the risk of concrete spalling, A reinforcement mesh with a nominal cover of 15mm. This mesh shall have wires with a diameter ≥ 2mm with a pitch ≤ 50 x 50mm. The nominal cover to the main reinforcement shall be ≥ 40mm. (Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2013 – Chapter 4 Durability and fire resistance – Methods to reduce risk of concrete spalling).

Class 1 is used in floors for domestic use and residential activities. (Code of Practice for Dead and Imposed Loads 2011 – 3.2 Table 3.1).

Class 2 is used in floors for offices and other non-industrial work places. (Code of Practice for Dead and Imposed Loads 2011 – 3.2 Table 3.1).

Peripheral ties should be provided at each floor and roof level for resisting a tension of 1.0 F (in kN per meter width). The peripheral ties should be placed within 1.2 m of the edge of the building or within the peripheral wall. (Code of Practice for Precast Concrete Construction 2016 – 2.7.8.5 Peripheral Ties).

Frontal projected area means the area of the shadow projection of the building on a plane normal to the direction of the wind. (Code of Practice on Wind Effects in Hong Kong 2004 – 2 – Definitions).

In calculating the peak gust wind pressure in the wind tunnel, q = 1/2 ρ ⊽² (1+3.7 I)². “⊽” stands for hourly mean wind velocity. (Code of Practice on Wind Effects in Hong Kong 2004 – Appendix A6).

Fluidity of the grout can be assessed using the procedures set out in the acceptable standards. Two test methods are described in the acceptable standards i.e. the immersion method and the cone method, of which the cone test is the simpler. (Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2013 – 10.5.7 Grouting).

Ductility is the structure should be designed and constructed so that it has a certain degree of ability to deform beyond elastic limit without excessive strength or stiffness degradation. (Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2013 – Basis of Design 2.1.4).

Breadth means the horizontal dimension of the building normal to the direction of the wind. (Code of Practice on Wind Effects in Hong Kong 2004 – 2 – Definitions).

Beam is member predominantly subject to bending. (Code of practice for the structural use of steel 2011 – 1.4.2 Structural element definitions).

Cantilever a beam that is fixed at one end and free to deflect at the other. (Code of practice for the structural use of steel 2011 – 1.4.2 Structural element definitions).

Plastic load factor the ratio by which each of the factored loads would have to be increased to produce a plastic hinge mechanism. (Code of practice for the structural use of steel 2011 – 1.4.3 Structural behavior definitions).

Plastic moment, capacity allowing for redistribution of stress within a cross-section. (Code of practice for the structural use of steel 2011 – 1.4.3 Structural behavior definitions).

Laminated glass, assembly consisting of two or more panes of glass that are bonded together by inter layer material. (Code of practice for structural use of glass 2018 – 1.3 Glossary of Terms and Definitions).

Tinted glass, glass which has small amounts of colorants added to the glass to give it solar control properties. (Code of practice for structural use of glass 2018 – 1.3 Glossary of Terms and Definitions).

10% – 16% is the weight percentage of soda in soda lime silicate glass. (Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Glass 2018 – 4.1.2 Glass Material – Table 4.1).

The high-frequency force-balance (or base balance) technique is the most commonly used method of determining wind-induced loads and responses of tall buildings. (Explanatory Materials to the Code of Practice on Wind Effects in Hong Kong 2004 – Section 5 Wind tunnel test – Dynamic Structures).

Cover against corrosion, the cover required to protect the reinforcement against corrosion depends on the exposure conditions and the quality of the concrete as placed and cured immediately surrounding reinforcement. (Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2013 – Chapter 4 Durability and fire resistance – 4.2.3 Cover).

Portal frame is a single story frame with rigid moment-resisting joints. (Code of practice for the structural use of steel 2011 – 1.4.2 Structural element definitions).

Elastic analysis structural analysis that assumes no redistribution of moments in a continuous member or frame due to plastic hinge rotation. (Code of practice for the structural use of steel 2011 – 1.4.3 Structural behavior definitions).

Elastic critical load, load at which perfect element or structure becomes elastically unstable. (Code of practice for the structural use of steel 2011 – 1.4.3 Structural behavior definitions).

Compact cross-section a cross-section that can develop its plastic moment capacity, but in which local buckling prevents rotation at constant moment. (Code of practice for the structural use of steel 2011 – 1.4.5 Section type definitions).

Compound sections, sections or plates and sections, interconnected to form a single member. (Code of practice for the structural use of steel 2011 – 1.4.5 Section type definitions).

“Gk” stands for characteristic dead load in basis of design/aim of design. (Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2013 – 2.1.1 Aim of design).

“le” stands Effective height of a column or wall in the plane of bending considered in basis of design/aim of design. (Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2013 – 2.1.1 Aim of design).

Method B is used to reduce the risk of concrete spalling, Include in the concrete mix not less than 1.5 kg/m3 of mono filament propylene fibers. The fibers shall be 6 – 12 mm long and 18 – 32 μm in diameter, and shall have a melting point less than 180°C. (Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2013 – Chapter 4 Durability and fire resistance – Methods to reduce risk of concrete spalling).

Class 5 is used in floors for storage, equipment, plant and industrial use. (Code of Practice for Dead and Imposed Loads 2011 – 3.2 Table 3.1).

Load dead load, any permanent structural or non-structural loads that remain throughout the service life of a structure as stated in the Building (Construction) Regulations and the Code of Practice for Dead and Imposed Loads.

75 m is the height above site-ground level of the design wind pressure qz (kPa) of 2.73. This is for intermediate values of height, linear interpolation is permitted. (Code of Practice on Wind Effects in Hong Kong 2004 – 4 – Design wind pressure Table 1).